The beneficial effects of virgin olive oil against oxidative stress induced by hypercholesterolemia in rats

Cardiovascular disease(CVD) remains the major cause of mortality in the world, typically claiming a third of all deaths. The primary cause of CVD is atherosclerosis. Therefore, timely prevention and therapy of atherosclerosis are able to reduce the risk of the development of its clinical manifestations. Anti-atherosclerotic activity of medicinal plants mainly appears in their multiple effects.This study was carried out to evaluate the hypolipidemic activity of virgin olive oil in experimentally induced hyperlipemic Wistar. A total of 24 rats were randomly allocated to 4 equal groups and treated as follows for 50 days: (1) Normal control (NC); that were fed with a standart diet; (2) High Cholesterol Diet Control (HCD); which received high cholesterol diet for 50 days; (3) Animals receiving high cholesterol diet for 50 days, after this period the animals are fed for eight days by the standard foodand receiving by gavage virgin olive oil (HCD+VOO) and(4) Animals fed for eight days with the standard food and receiving by gavage olive oil (VOO). High Cholesterol Diet containing yolk egg and coconut oil. Results showed that olive oil caused a significant (p < 0.01) reduction in serum levels of Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), Low­Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL) and Atherogenic Index Serum (AIS). The results also demonstrated a significant (p < 0.01) increase in High­Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL). Moreover, virgin olive oil induced a significant reduction in liver lipid content. On the other hand, a High cholesterol diet induced oxidative stress was measured by estimating reduced glutathione level and amount of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formed as an index of lipid peroxidation in a liver and a heart. Virgin olive oil supplementation attenuated all these variations. Our observations of the study indicate that the virgin olive oil has a significant antihyperlipidemic potential.

Interleukin-12 as a biomarker of the beneficial effects of food restriction in mice receiving high fat diet or high carbohydrate diet

The impact of food restriction (FR) during 56 days on serum levels of cytokines in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) were evaluated. The amount of food was reduced 50% for HFD-FR and HCD-FR groups compared to mice receiving free access to HFD (HFD group) or HCD (HCD group). We quantified the serum levels of basic fibroblast growth factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, inducible protein 10, interferon γ, interleukin 1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, keratinocyte chemoattractant, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, monokine induced by IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor α. Only IL-12 levels were lower (P<0.05), for both HFD-FR (HFD-FR vs HFD) and HCD-FR (HCD-FR vs HCD). Therefore, IL-12 levels could be considered a biological marker of the beneficial effects of FR.

Beef tallow and emulsifier in growing-finishing pig diets

ABSTRACT Two trials were aimed to evaluate beef tallow in diets with and without emulsifier on performance of pigs at growing-finishing phases. In the first trial, 15 barrows (22.03±0.62 kg) were distributed among three treatments: reference diet; test diet 1 (5% beef tallow) and test diet 2 (10% beef tallow). Beef tallow presented average value of 7130.97 kcal ME/kg. For the performance trail, 30 barrows (24.85±1.18 kg) were distributed among five treatments: T1 - diet with soybean oil and 3230 kcal ME /kg; T2 - diet with beef tallow and 3230 kcal ME/kg; T3 - diet with beef tallow and 3080 kcal ME/kg; T4 - diet with beef tallow, 3080 kcal/kg and 0.1% emulsifier; T5 - diet with beef tallow, 2930 kcal ME/kg and 0.1% emulsifier. Feed conversion was worse in animals fed diet with 3080 kcal ME/kg containing beef tallow and with 2930 kcal ME/kg with beef tallow and emulsifier. For economic availability, animals fed diet with beef tallow and 3230 kcal ME/kg and those fed diet with 3080 kcal ME/kg containing beef tallow and emulsifier, did not differ from animals fed diet with soybean oil, which enables the reduction up to 150 kcal ME/kg be compensated by emulsifier addition.

Alterações Cardiometabólicas em Ratos Wistar Alimentados com Dieta Hiperlipídica e Hipercolesterolêmica por Seis Semanas / Cardiometabolic Alterations in Wistar Rats on a Six-Week Hyperlipidic, Hypercholesterolemic Diet

Fundamento: Alta ingestão de lipídeos e colesterol compõe a dieta da sociedade moderna e está envolvida com o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiometabólicas. Entretanto, há lacunas na literatura quanto à existência de modelos de dislipidemias em ratos Wistar. Objetivos: Analisar o perfil cardiometabólico de ratos Wistar alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica e hipercolesterolêmica por seis semanas. Métodos: Ratos Wistar jovens foram alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica e hipercolesterolêmica por seis semanas para induzir a hiperlipidemia. Os ratos foram submetidos à cateterização da artéria carótida para determinar a pressão arterial. Após jejum, amostras de sangue foram coletadas por meio do cateter, e as concentrações de colesterol total, colesterol HDL, triglicerídeos e glicose foram determinadas. Amostras do tecido cardíaco foram removidas para análise histológica, a fim de se verificar a hipertrofia ventricular. Resultados: A ingestão da dieta por seis semanas foi eficaz em induzir alterações cardiometabólicas. O perfil dislipidêmico apresentado pelos ratos Wistar foi acompanhado de hiperinsulinemia, hipertensão moderada e hipertrofia ventricular do coração. Não houve alterações na glicemia. Conclusões: A administração de dieta hiperlipídica e hipercolesterolêmica em ratos Wistar jovens por seis semanas induziram alterações cardiometabólicas tornando-se um modelo eficaz para distúrbios dessa natureza

Background: The diet of modern society is composed by large intakes of lipids and cholesterol, involved in the development of cardiometabolic diseases. However, there are gaps in the literature regarding the existence of dyslipidemia models in Wistar rats. Objectives: To analyze the cardiometabolic profile of Wistar rats on a six-week hyperlipidic, hypercholesterolemic diet. Methods: Young Wistar rats were kept on a hyperlipidic, hypercholesterolemic diet for six weeks to induce hyperlipidemia. The rats underwent catheterization of the carotid artery to determine blood pressure. After fasting, blood samples were drawn through the catheter, and concentrations of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose were determined. Cardiac tissue samples were taken for a histological analysis to check for ventricular hypertrophy. Results: The six-week diet was effective in inducing cardiometabolic alterations. The dyslipidemic profile presented by the Wistar rats was accompanied by hyperinsulinemia, moderate hypertension and cardiac ventricular hypertrophy. There were no alterations in glycemia. Conclusion: The six-week hyperlipidic, hypercholesterolemic diet in young Wistar rats induced cardiometabolic alterations, becoming an effective model for disorders of this nature

Consumo exacerbado de lipídeos provoca dano celular em algumas doenças metabólicas e cardiovasculares / Excessive consumption of fat provokes systemic cellular damage in some metabolic and cardiovascular diseases

OBJECTIVE: To review the deleterious biochemical mechanisms related to changes of oxidative stress and inflammation, provoked by excessive consumption and accumulation of lipids in different tissues, in cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Data source: This review article was based on papers selected for their relevance from databases such as Science Direct, PubMed and SciELO, published between 1995 and 2014. The search included the following keywords: High-fat diet, obesity, oxidative stress, inflammation. Data synthesis: Evidence suggests that the deleterious effects of lipotoxicity are related to ectopic deposition, activation of lipolysis, formation of lipid metabolites, generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress, as well as to stimulation of inflammatory cascades. In this context, the simultaneous activation of these biochemical mechanisms interferes with intracellular signaling cascades, disrupting homeostasis, leading to systemic cellular damage or even lipoapoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of the biochemical cellular pathways involved in the process provides an understanding of the molecular mechanisms and, especially, may identify potential therapeutic targets

OBJETIVO: Revisar mecanismos bioquímicos deletérios relacionados com alterações de estresse oxidativo e inflamação ocasionados pelo consumo excessivo e acúmulo de lipídeos em diferentes tecidos, nas doenças cardiovasculares, diabetes e síndrome metabólica. Fonte de dados: Este artigo de revisão baseou-se em artigos científicos, selecionados por sua relevância e provenientes de bases de dados como Science Direct, Scielo e Pubmed, publicados entre 1995 e 2014. A busca contemplou as seguintes palavras-chave: dieta hiperlipídica, obesidade, estresse oxidativo, inflamação. Síntese dos dados: Evidências sugerem que os efeitos deletérios da lipotoxidade estão relacionados com a deposição ectópica, ativação da lipólise, formação de metabólitos lipídicos, geração de espécies reativas e estresse oxidativo, bem como estimulação de cascatas inflamatórias. Nesse contexto, a ativação simultânea desses mecanismos bioquímicos interfere em cascatas de sinalização intracelular, prejudicando a homeostase, levando ao dano celular sistêmico ou até mesmo à lipoapoptose. CONCLUSÕES: A identificação das vias bioquímicas celulares envolvidas proporciona a compreensão dos mecanismos moleculares e, principalmente, pode identificar possíveis alvos terapêuticos

Alterações no reparo tecidual cutâneo em um modelo de resistência à insulina / Resistant mice cutaneous wound healing alterations in insulin

A obesidade associada às alterações metabólicas, tais como a resitência à insulina, provoca significativas modificações no decorrer do processo de cicatrização. O objetivo desse estudo foi inicialmente avaliar os efeitos da resistência à insulina induzida por uma dieta com elevado teor de gordura durante o reparo tecidual. E, em seguida, investigar o papel dos macrófagos neste processo. Observamos que os animais submetidos à dieta hiperlipídica (RHL) tornaram-se intolerantes à glicose e resistentes à insulina, além de aumentarem as taxas plasmáticas de colesterol e triglicerídeos em relação aos animais alimentados com ração padrão (RP). O grupo RHL apresentou uma menor taxa de contração da lesão e reepitelização em relação ao grupo RP. Observamos ainda maior quantidade de células inflamatórias (células NOS 2-positivas, macrófagos, e neutrófilos), menor densidade de fibras do sistema colágeno e maior densidade de miofibroblastos e vasos sanguíneos no grupo RHL. O dano oxidativo estava maior no grupo RHL bem como a expressão proteica do fator de crescimento transformante-β1 (TGF-β1) e α-actina de músculo liso (α-SMA). O grupo RHL apresentou altos níveis plasmáticos de TNF-α quando comparado com o grupo RP. Além disso, a proporção das células M1 (macrófagos ativados classicamente) e M2 (macrófagos ativados alternativamente) foi a mesma em ambos os grupos. Em relação a síntese e liberação de citocinas e fatores de crescimento avaliados através dos ensaios in vitro, observamos ainda que os níveis do fator de necrose tumoral-α (TNF-α) e interleucina-1β (IL-1β) estavam maiores no meio condicionado de macrófagos isolados dos animais do grupo RHL (MCRHL) em relacão ao meio condicionado de macrófagos isolados dos animais do grupo RP (MCRP). Além disso, os nossos resultados demonstraram claramente que os fatores solúveis produzidos por macrófagos isolados a partir de animais resistentes à insulina inibem a proliferação e a migração de fibroblastos. Através ...

Obesity associated with with metabolic alterations such as insulin resistance causes significant modifications during the healing process. Our aim was initially to analyse the effects of insulin resistance induced by a high- significant changes in skin combined fat diet during cutaneous wound healing. And then investigate the role of macrophages in this process. We observed that animals subjected to a high-fat diet (HFC) became glucose intolerant and insulin resistant and increased plasma cholesterol and triglycerides levels when compared to animals fed with a standard chow (SC). The HFC group had a lower rate of wound contraction and re-epithelialization than the SC group. Besides, HFC group presented a greater number of inflammatory cells (NOS 2- and F4/80-positive cells, and neutrophils), lower density of collagen fibers and higher density of myofibroblasts and blood vessels. Oxidative damage was greater in the HFC group as well as the protein expression of TGF-β1 and α-smooth muscle actin (α- SMA). The HFC group presented higher levels of plasma TNF-α when compared to RP group. Furthermore, the proportion of M1 cells (classically activated macrophages) and M2 (alternatively activated macrophages) was the same in both groups. Regarding to the synthesis and release of cytokines and growth factors evaluated by in vitro assays, we also observed that the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were higher in conditioned medium of macrophages isolated from animals of HFC (MCHFC) group when compared to the conditioned medium of macrophages isolated from animals in of RP (MCSC) group. Furthermore, our results clearly demonstrate that soluble factors produced by macrophages isolated from insulin resistant animals inhibit the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts. Thus, we can show that insulin resistance delays wound healing process and suggest that the macrophages are involved in this delay

Beneficial effects of exercise training (Treadmill) on body mass and skeletal muscle capillaries/myocyte ratio in C57BL/6 mice fed high-fat diet / Efectos beneficiosos del ejercicio físico (Cinta) sobre la masa corporal y relación capilares/miocito del músculo esquelético en ratones C57BL/6 alimentados con una dieta alta en grasas

C57BL/6 mice develop signals and symptoms comparable at least in part with the metabolic syndrome in humans. This study aimed to evaluate the beneficial effects of exercise training upon skeletal microcirculation in these mice. Animals were fed one of two diets during an eight week period: standard chow (SC) or very high-fat (HF). Afterwards, the exercise training protocol (treadmill) was established and mice divided into SC and HF sedentary (SC-Sed, HF-Sed) or exercised groups (SC-Ex, HF-Ex), respectively. HF/HF-Sed mice had the greatest body mass (plus 65 percent than SC-Sed; P<0.0001), and exercise reduced it by 23 percent (P<0.0001). The plasma insulin was higher in the HF-Sed than in the matched ­Ex (P<0.001). The ratio between capillaries/myocytes in HF-Ex group increased by 64 percent than in HF-Sed group (P<0.001) and increased by 80 percent in SC-Ex group than in SC-Sed group (P<0.001). In conclusion, exercise improved the lipid profile by reducing body mass gain, insulin resistance, ameliorating the skeletal muscle microcirculation.

Los ratones C57BL/6 desarrollan señales y síntomas similares al menos en parte con el síndrome metabólico en los seres humanos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos beneficiosos del ejercicio físico sobre la microcirculación ósea en estos ratones. Los animales fueron alimentados con una de dos dietas durante un período de ocho semanas: comida estándar (CE) o muy alta en grasas (AG). Posteriormente, fue establecido un protocolo de entrenamiento físico (cinta) y los ratones fueron divididos en grupos CE y AG sedentarios (CE-Sed, AG-Sed) o grupos de ejercicios (CE-Ej, AG-Ej), respectivamente. Los ratones AG/AG-SED tuvieron una masa corporal mayor (más del 65 por ciento de CE-Sed, p <0,0001), y el ejercicio se redujo en un 23 por ciento (p <0,0001). La insulina en el plasma fue mayor en el AG-Sed que en el pareado-Ej (p <0,001). La relación entre capilares/miocitos en el grupo AG-Ej aumentó en un 64 por ciento más que en el grupo AG-Sed (p <0,001) y aumentó en un 80 por ciento más en el grupo CE-Ej que en el grupo CE-Sed (p <0,001). En conclusión, el ejercicio mejora el perfil lipídico mediante la reducción de la ganancia de masa corporal, resistencia a la insulina, mejorando la microcirculación del músculo esquelético.

Niveles plasmáticos de mieloperoxidasa y proteína C reactiva en conejos machos en Nueva Zelanda expuestos a una dieta hiperlipidémica / Plasma concentration of myeloperoxidase and C reactive protein in male New Zealand rabbits, exposed to a hyperlipidemic diet

La Mieloperoxidasa (MPO) y la Proteína C Reactiva (PCR) han sido implicados en la fisiopatología de la aterosclerosis. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar las concentraciones plasmáticas de MPO y PCR y su relación con la formación de ateromas en conejos. Se estudiaron 23 conejos machos Nueva Zelanda: Grupo 1: conejarina y verdura; Grupo 2: Huevo y conejarina. El periodo experimental duró 13 semanas. Se determinó perfil lipídico por métodos enzimáticos, MPO por ELISA y PCR por turbidimetría en 0 13va semana. Se realizó estudio histológico de aorta. Los resultados revelaron que la PCR se elevó en el grupo 2 al final del estudio (p<0,05). No se observó diferencias en MPO en el grupo 2 en el estudio. En cuanto a los ateromas se evidenciaron lesiones tipo I y II en los conejos del grupo 2. En conclusión, se encontró que la PCR y no la MPO son marcadores de aterosclerosis según nuestras condiciones experimentales.

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and C-reactive protein (CRP) have been implicated in atherosclerosis. The objective of the present study was to determine plasma concentration MPO and CRP and its relationship of formation of aortic lesions in rabbits. 23 male New Zealand rabbits were study: Group 1: “conejarina” (commercial rabbit food) and vegetables; Group 2: egg and conejarina. The experiment lasted 13 weeks. Lipid profile was done by enzymatic methods, MPO by ELISA, and PCR by turbidimetry in weeks 0 and 13. Histological study of rabbits’ aorta was done. Results revealed that in group 2 CRP increased at final study (p <0.05). No differences were observed in MPO values in the experiment. Regarding atheroma, group 2 presented type I and II lesions. In conclusion only CRP is marker of atherosclerosis according to our experimental conditions.